How Dyson's Air Multiplier works

A little bit of Fluid Dynamics for a Tuesday afternoon

How Dyson's Air Multiplier works

13 October 2009 13:45 GMT / By Duncan Geere

So, you've read about the Dyson Air Multiplier, and you've looked at the photos, but you're still baffled about how the damn thing works. You've seen vague promises of "Engineering" being responsible (which we've come under criticism for, for some reason), but here's - in gory physics-y detail - roughly what's going on inside Dyson's mysterious new bladeless fan.

The Air Multiplier uses friction in the air to push out its cool breeze. Around the rim of the circular fan is a little opening from which jets a very thin (1mm or so) stream of air at 55 mph. That thin stream of air pulls more air into the stream thanks to the aforementioned friction - Physicists call this process entrainment.

At the same time, the air that gets pushed away from the ring towards your beautiful face creates an area of low pressure - not quite a vacuum, but the same effect - in the ring. That low pressure pulls in more air from behind the machine (filling the gap) which is then in turn drawn into the air stream. That's called inducement.

The engineering challenge, however, is in keeping that stream of air flowing smoothly - balancing how fast the air is travelling (its "inertia") with how thick it is (its "viscosity"). Physicists have an equation which represents this balance, and it results in something called the Reynolds number.

Some quick calculations (using 55mph air flow, a 1mm gap, 1.2 kg/m^3 air density and 18.27 * 10^-6 Pa s viscosity) show that the Air Multiplier has a Reynolds number of around 1615 - relatively low. That means that the air flow out is pretty smooth (or "laminar", as physicists call it) - something seen in this image of air speeds:

 

If all those equations confused you massively, think of a garden hose. If you turn on the tap half way, then the flow out of the hose is smooth - it stays together in a stream when it exits the end of the pipe until it hits your flowerbed. But if you squeeze the hose, making the exit smaller, or if you turn the tap on full, then the water sprays all over the place - much less easy to control. That would have a high Reynolds number.

In a fan, you want a smooth airflow which stays aimed at whatever you point it at for upto 5 or more metres away without going all over the place, wasting energy in turbulence. The Air Multiplier appears to have achieved this with its low Reynolds number.

The "multiplier" part of the name refers to how much efficiency it saves. It sends approximately 15 times more air at you thanks to taking advantage of these physical processes than it actually has to drive through its own internal spinning turbine. Of course, regular fans gain some of these effects, too, though they're more likely to suffer inefficiencies due to turbulence caused by the speed of the blades and the "open" air around it. Dyson's turbine is enclosed in the body of the unit - the "handle" of the magnifying glass, if you will.

So there you go. Of course, we're tech fanatics, not professional physicists, so if we've got something slightly off in the explanation above, and you think you know better, then don't hesitate to drop us a comment below.

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Comments

  • Bravo Duncan! You're wasted here! Posted by Nappy, UK
  • So, basically, the fan has been shoved into the stand. Not really fanless then. Nor unique since that is basically a hovercraft on its side. Posted by adrianaitken, United Kingdom
  • Another overpriced Dyson con.
    'Fanless' sounds as big a fib as 'no loss of suction'
    Posted by Suzanne, UK
  • In these days of global warming it is great to know we have another useless appliance to add to our energy usage. I believe we have a great cooling system in our bodies called sweat. Posted by Devi, UK
  • @ Devi

    You sad, BO ridden, tree-hugger.

    That is all.

    Steve 'MMGW is a political weapon' Jones
    Posted by Steve Jones, UK
  • What would happen if you changed the smooth exit air into ( via a corregated air exit rim or something) a ramdom highly frictionised exit, creating a more powerfull force,
    would we be able to fuel cars for no cost ? or travel to other planets effortlessly ? or is this technology better left in fans ? ;').
    Posted by King Farian, Babylon UK
  • @adrianaitken,

    It uses a turbine which is typically more efficient because it doesn't suffer from tip vortex drag. Also the "ejection" method is far more efficient because it achieves near laminar flow (again avoiding drag). So, yes it is unique because it offers a much higher efficiency than a normal fan.

    @Devi,

    Convection will increase the effectiveness of sweating which will lower the burden on fresh water supplies by trading it off against the cost of generated energy (typically electricity from coal). Given that quite a large number of people will use a fan even if you tell them not to I think this is a worthy invention; now if we can make them cheaper with less parts even better still.
    Posted by Matt, ireland
  • i wish the missus could blow as efficiently as that Posted by d2daC, Sunny Inglund
  • As an aircraft engineer, I worked on cabin conditioning systems that basically were really only designed to work when the aircraft was moving. In order to overcome this limitation and make it work at a standstill, McDonnel Douglas put air injectors into the exhaust port of the cabin conditioning pack, and using the same principle as the Dyson, created a flow of air through the ducts, and therefore through the conditioning pack. This was on a Phantom that was used in Vietnam. Not new, recycled. Posted by Jon Whiteside, UK
  • Not new we use this process for drying water based paint . its been around for ages. mr dyson is cleaver but a genious . I am glad an English person is making money from science . as most other inventers in our country get no help at all. Posted by tim, uk
  • One wonders if it could be scaled up to aircraft levels (minimized bird strikes) Posted by Stephen S , UK
  • @ d2daC

    :-)
    Posted by PJ, UK
  • Like that idea about use on planes??

    But feel that comment on UK inventers... The UK is full of skilled cleaver people, with amazing ideas, but no one else is intrested unless its gonna make instant cash and profits.

    Some stive for a better world, where as others stive to full their pockets with gold...

    Give away solar cells and wind mills for free, turn off street lights and bring down the national grid. (localised generation = less loss) collect methane and heat our houses. Build electric and hydrogen distrabution system,

    Do it now, not by 2020!

    Who cares about money? You cant take it with you, and it wont be any good for long :o)

    ahh i feel better now...
    Posted by Baz, UK
  • You should be writing for thr New Scientist. It's a pleasure to read explanations of this clarity and economy. Posted by Jason B, UK
  • James Dyson is a marketing and production genius but the principle of the 'air mover' has been around for many decades. It has been used on industrial machinery where there was a requirement for low pressure-high volume air and there being available a compressed air supply. The main advantage being total reliability.
    Just to further add to the Dyson cleaner debate- Again this priniple has been in use for many decades in industry. Many military vehicles have been fitted with filter systems of this type- including the Spitfire et al for desert use. I believe that a filter of this type was an optional extra for the Series 1 landrover. The main disadvantage for a 'hoover' is that to cause very fine dust to be thrown out of the vortex requires the cyclone to be very fast- thus extremely noisy (aerodynamicists may like to comment on whether the cyclone needs to be supersonic at small diameters) thus a filter is required meaning that it will clog. I wish I had a photo of the special corral at the local tip (in UK) especially for Dysons. Sometimes there were 50 or more in garish multicoloured ranks, and their best feature: the really long mains leads with nice yellow plug suitable for retro fitting to power tools and extension leads.
    Posted by Bobcat, tinofrats@yahoo.com
  • Duncan, your equations failed to confuse me, massively or otherwise. They were conspicuous by their absence. Posted by Mark, Australia.
  • We invented something like that at skool so we could get girls skirts to lift. Posted by I am a sientsst im qit gud., Monrovia
  • @ King Farian

    no air in space, mate.....
    Posted by stevetruss, the yewkay
  • Does this mean anyone sitting behind the fan gets their air sucked away at 15 times the normal rate?!
    I see some blue faced people on the horizon :)
    Posted by Andy Faulkner, Britain
  • @Jon Whiteside, @tim:
    If this is known, make yourselves available to those who will contest the patent.
    Posted by Steven Alexander, USA
  • Fan-tastic idea. I really, really want to get one, but £200? Dyson's marketing people have nothing but contempt for my demographic...

    PS-- how does the device generate the 55 mph 1mm jet of air... I wonder if there isn't some sort of fan hidden in there somewhere...
    Posted by moneybags, uk
  • Its not bigger more efficient fans we need its smaller ones for the computers we are all sitting at think how much energy is wasted cooling your computer if you dont think this is a good idea. Posted by jonny bond, scotland
  • Nobody complained that Apple didn't invent the iPod when it perfected the concept of an MP3 player.....Give the guy a break. He's just taken an understood principle and applied it in an unexpected way. Posted by Johnny Dunn, Scozia
  • Yes, It could be innovation. But what is innovation when it is produced at such low quality. As such with the vacuums Dyson put out. Yes they worked, and yes it was made to break with in 6 moths of normal use.

    I can only imagine what my DC-14 Dyson would have cost if some actual money was put into the production materials. Instead of some cheap mono carbonate plastics.

    Most likely $2000 instead of $450.

    Selvol

    MugFind.com
    Posted by Selvol, USA

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